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Basic Elixir Api Guide

by NeshaMarch 4th, 2020

Too Long; Didn't Read

Elixir is designed for building fast, scalable and maintainable applications. Phoenix is web framework written in Elixir and it draws a lot of concepts from popular Django or Ruby on Ruby on Rails. Elixir ships with Mix which is built-in tool that helps compiling, generating and testing application, getting dependencies etc. Elixir by Dave Thomas is recommendation, recommended programming language for wider audience. Elixir is written on top of Erlang and runs on BEAM(Erlang VM). Elixir is a great combination of Elixir and Phoenix.

Company Mentioned

Elixir represents relatively new programming language for wider audience. It was published back in 2011, and is in development ever since. His main trait is that adops functional pardigm because it is built on top of Erlang and runs on BEAM(Erlang VM). Elixir is designed for building fast, scalable and maintainable applications and with Phoenix these applications can be developed in web environment. Phoenix is web framework written in Elixir and it draws a lot of concepts from popular frameworks like Python's Django or Ruby on Rails. If you are familiar with those that is a nice starting point.

Documentation

Elixir/Phoenix is a great combination, but before starting writing an app, those who are not familiar with all concepts should first read following documentation.

- Detail documentation, from Elixir basic types to advanced stuff like Mix and OTP,
by Dave Thomas is recommendation,
- Built-in framework for testing,
- Phoenix framework documentation with all concepts explained with examples and
- Docs and API for Elixir's ORM.

Setting up application

Elixir ships with Mix which is built-in tool that helps compiling, generating and testing application, getting dependencies etc. We create our application by running

mix phx.new company_api

This tells mix to create new Phenix app named company_api. After running this instruction mix will create application structure:

bash
* creating company_api/config/config.exs
* creating company_api/config/dev.exs
* creating company_api/config/prod.exs
* creating company_api/config/prod.secret.exs
* creating company_api/config/test.exs
* creating company_api/lib/company_api/application.ex
* creating company_api/lib/company_api.ex
* creating company_api/lib/company_api_web/channels/user_socket.ex
* creating company_api/lib/company_api_web/views/error_helpers.ex
* creating company_api/lib/company_api_web/views/error_view.ex
* creating company_api/lib/company_api_web/endpoint.ex
* creating company_api/lib/company_api_web/router.ex
* creating company_api/lib/company_api_web.ex
* creating company_api/mix.exs
* creating company_api/README.md
* creating company_api/test/support/channel_case.ex
* creating company_api/test/support/conn_case.ex
* creating company_api/test/test_helper.exs
* creating company_api/test/company_api_web/views/error_view_test.exs
* creating company_api/lib/company_api_web/gettext.ex
* creating company_api/priv/gettext/en/LC_MESSAGES/errors.po
* creating company_api/priv/gettext/errors.pot
* creating company_api/lib/company_api/repo.ex
* creating company_api/priv/repo/seeds.exs
* creating company_api/test/support/data_case.ex
* creating company_api/lib/company_api_web/controllers/page_controller.ex
* creating company_api/lib/company_api_web/templates/layout/app.html.eex
* creating company_api/lib/company_api_web/templates/page/index.html.eex
* creating company_api/lib/company_api_web/views/layout_view.ex
* creating company_api/lib/company_api_web/views/page_view.ex
* creating company_api/test/company_api_web/controllers/page_controller_test.exs
* creating company_api/test/company_api_web/views/layout_view_test.exs
* creating company_api/test/company_api_web/views/page_view_test.exs
* creating company_api/.gitignore
* creating company_api/assets/brunch-config.js
* creating company_api/assets/css/app.css
* creating company_api/assets/css/phoenix.css
* creating company_api/assets/js/app.js
* creating company_api/assets/js/socket.js
* creating company_api/assets/package.json
* creating company_api/assets/static/robots.txt
* creating company_api/assets/static/images/phoenix.png
* creating company_api/assets/static/favicon.ico

Install additional dependencies if prompted. Next we need to configure our database. In this example we used PostgreSQL, and generally Phoenix has best integration with this DBMS.

Open /config/dev.exs and /config/test.exs and setup username, password and database name. After setting up database, run

mix ecto.create

which will create development and test databases and after that

mix phx.server

That should start server (Cowboy) on default port 4000. Check it up in browser, if you see landing page that's it, setup is good. All configurations are placed in /config/config.exs file.

Creating API

Before coding there are several parts of development that are going to be explained:

Writing tests using ExUnit, testing both models and controlers,
Writing migrations,
Writing models,
Writing controllers,
Routing,
Writing views,
Authentication using Guardian and
Channels.

Note that following parts won't be described for whole application, but you'll get the idea.

Testing and writing models

While developing we want to write clean code that works, also think about specification and what that code needs to do before implementing it. That's why we're using approach.

First in directory test/company_api_web/ create models directory and then create user_test.exs. After that create a module:

defmodule CompanyApiWeb.UserTest do
    use CompanyApi.DataCase, async: true
end

On second line, we use macro use to inject some external code, in this case data_case.exs script that is placed in test/support/ directory among other scipts and

`async: true`

to mark that this test will run asynchronous with other tests. But be careful, if test writes data to database or in some sense changes some data then it should not run asyc.

Think of what should be tested. In this case let's test creating user with valid and invalid data. Some mock up data can be set via module attributes as constants, for example:

@valid_attributes %{name:    "John",
                    subname: "Doe",
                    email:   "[email protected]",
                    job:     "engineer"
                   }

Ofcourse you don't have to use module attributes but it makes code cleaner. Next let's write test.

test "user with valid attributes" do
  user = CompanyApiWeb.User.reg_changeset(%User{}, @valid_attributes)
  assert user.valid?
end

In this test we try to create by calling method reg_changeset/2 and then asserting for true value.

If we run test with

mix test test/company_api_web/models/user_test.exs

test will fail ofcourse. First we dont even have User module, but we dont even have User table in database. Next we need to write a migration.

mix ecto.gen.migration create_user

generates migration in priv/repo/migrations/. There we define function for table creation in sugar elixir syntax which then translates into appropriate SQL query.

def change do
  create table(:users) do
    add :name, :varchar
    add :subname, :varchar
    add :email, :varchar
    add :job, :varchar
    add :password, :varchar
    timestamps()
  end
end

Function create/2 creates database table from struct returned by function table/2. For detail information about field type, options, and creating indexes read docs. By default surrogate key is generated for every table, with name id and type integer, if not defined otherwise.

Now we run command

mix ecto.migrate

which runs migration. Next we need to create model, so create models directory in lib/company_api_web/ and create user.ex file. Our model is used to represent data from database tables as it maps that data into Elixir structs.

defmodule CompanyApiWeb.User do
  use CompanyApiWeb, :model
  schema "users" do
    field :name, :string
    field :subname, :string
    field :email, :string
    field :password, :string
    field :job, :string
  end  
  def reg_changeset(changeset, params \\ %{}) do
    changeset
    |> cast(params, [:name, :subname, :email, :job, :password])
    |> validate_required([:name, :subname, :email, :job])
    |> validate_format(:email, ~r/\S+@\S+\.\S+/)
  end
end

On line 2, we use helper defined in lib/company_api_web/company_api_web.ex which actually imports all necessary modules for creating models. If you open file you'll see that model is actually a function, same as controller, view, channel, router etc. (If there is no model function you can add it yourself).

Two important methods are schema (table <-> struct mapping) and changeset/2. Changeset functions are not necessary, but are Elixir's way of creating structs that modify database. We can define one for registration, login etc. All validation and association checking can be done before we even try inserting data into database.

For more details check Ecto.Changeset docs. If we now run test again, it should pass. Add as many test cases as you want and try to cover all edge cases.

This should wrap creation of simple models. Adding association is going to be mention earlier.

Testing and writing controllers

Testing controllers is equally important as testing models. We are going to test registration of new user and getting all registered users in a system. Again we create test, this time in test/company_api_web/controllers/ with name user_controller_test.exs. With controller testing we're going to use conn_case.exs script. Another important thing about test that wasn't mention while testing models (cause we didn't need it) is setup block.

setup do
  user =
    %User{}
    |> User.reg_changeset(@user)
    |> Repo.insert!
  conn =
    build_conn()
    |> put_req_header("accept", "application/json")
  %{conn: conn, user: user}
end

Setup block is called before invokation of each test case, and in this block we prepare data for tests. We can return data from block in a form of tuple or map. In this block we will insert one user into database and create connection struct which is mockup of connection. Again constants can be used to setup data.

@valid_data %{name:    "Jim",
              subname: "Doe",
              email:   "[email protected]",
              job:     "CEO"
             }
@user %{name:    "John",
        subname: "Doe",
        email:   "[email protected]",
        job:     "engineer"
       }
@user_jane %{name:    "Jane",
             subname: "Doe",
             email:   "[email protected]",
             job:     "architect"
            }

Now let's write test that sends request for creating new user. Server should process request, generate password, create new user, send email with generated password and return user as a json. That sounds like a lot, but we'll go slow. Pay attention that you should try to cover all 'paths' and edge cases. First let's test with valid data, and then with invalid data.

describe "tries to create and render" do
  test "user with valid data", %{conn: conn} do
    response =
      post(conn, user_path(conn, :create), user: @valid_data)
      |> json_response(201)
    assert Repo.get_by(User, name: "Jim")
    assert_delivered_email Email.create_mail(response["password"], response["email"])
  end
  test "user with invalid data", %{conn: conn} do
    response =
      post(conn, user_path(conn, :create), user: %{})
      |> json_response(422)
    assert response["errors"] != %{}
  end
end

Each test sends post request to certain path and then we check json response and assert value. Running this test with

mix test test/company_api_web/controller/user_controller_test.exs

will result in errors. We don't have user_path/3 function which means that route isn't defined. Open lib/company_api_web/router.ex. We'll add scope "/api" which will go through :api pipeline. We can define routes as resources, individually or as nested routes. Define new resource like this:

resources "/users", UserController, only: [:index, :create]

With this, Phoenix creates routes which are mapped to index and create functions and handled by UserController. If you open console and type

mix phx.routes

you can see list of routes and there are user_path routes, one with verb GET and one with verb POST. Now if we run test again, this time we'll get another error, create function missing. Reason for this is that we don't have UserController. Add user_controller.ex in lib/company_api_web/controllers.

Now define new module:

defmodule CompanyApiWeb.UserController do
  use CompanyApiWeb, :controller
end

Next we need to create that create/2 function. Create function must accept conn struct (and also return it) and params. Params is struct which carries all data supplied by browser. We can use one powerful feature of Elixir, pattern matching, to match just the data we need with our variables.

def create(conn, %{"user" => user_data}) do
  params = Map.put(user_data, "password", User.generate_password())
  case Repo.insert(User.reg_changeset(%User{}, params)) do
    {:ok, user} ->
      conn
      |> put_status(:created)
      |> render("create.json", user: user)
    {:error, user} ->
      conn
      |> put_status(:unprocessable_entity)
      |> render("error.json", user: user)
  end
end

In our tests we send through post method params user: @valid_data, and that data is going to be matched with user_data. In User model define generate_password function, so we can generate random passwords for every new user.

def generate_password do
    :crypto.strong_rand_bytes(@pass_length)
    |> Base.encode64
    |> binary_part(0, @pass_length)
  end

Set the length of a password as you wish. Since the user_data is a map we are going to put new generated password inside that map with key "password". Although Elixir has try/rescue blocks they are rarely used. Usually combination of case and pattern matching is used for error handling. Function insert(note that we won't use insert! function cause it raises exception) returns one of two tuples:

{:ok, Ecto.Schema.t}
{:error, Ecto.Changeset.t}

Based on returned tuple we send appropriate response. Since we're making JSON API, we should return data in json format. All data returned from controller is handled by appropriate view. If we run tests again, we are going to get another error. Last thing we need to do is to add view file. Create user_view.ex file in lib/company_api_web/views/ and inside define new module and render methods.

defmodule CompanyApiWeb.UserView do
  use CompanyApiWeb, :view
  def render("create.json", %{user: user}) do
   render_one(user, CompanyApiWeb.UserView, "user.json")
  end
  def render("error.json", %{user: user}) do
    %{errors: translate_errors(user)}
  end
  def render("user.json", %{user: user}) do
    %{id: user.id, 
      name: user.name, 
      subname: user.subname, 
      password: user.password, 
      email: user.email, 
      job: user.job}
  end
  defp translate_errors(user) do
    Ecto.Changeset.traverse_errors(user, &translate_error/1)
  end
end

First render method is being called from controller, and in that method we call render_one/3 to which we pass key, view module, and template name, so we can pattern match method. Now we return data which is going to be encoded into json. We didn't have to call render_one/3 method, we could return json right away, but this is more convinient.

Second render method renders errors provided by changeset struct in form of json. Built-in method Ecto.Changeset.traverse_errors/2 extracts error strings from changeset.errors struct.

If we remove that one line which asserts that email has been sent, our tests will pass. This rounds up how we test and write controllers. Now you can test and write index method and add more test cases that covers more code.

Email sending example

There are several email libraries in Elixir, but in this project we decided to use . After initial setup, its usage is fairly easy. Open mix.exs file and under deps function add following line:

{:bamboo, "~> 0.8"}

and then run following command:

mix deps.get

which will download dependency. After that add bamboo as extra_application in application function.

In global config file add configuration for Bamboo:

config :company_api, CompanyApi.Mailer,
  adapter: Bamboo.LocalAdapter

Here we're using Bamboo.LocalAdapter but there are other adapters also. Now, create module CompanyApi.Mailer and following line:

use Bamboo.Mailer, otp_app: :company_api

Before using mailer we should define email struct. Add into models directory Email.ex file(Note that you should first write test then add file but we'll skip that now).

defmodule CompanyApiWeb.Email do
  import Bamboo.Email
  def create_mail(password, email) do
    new_email()
    |> to(email)
    |> from("[email protected]")
    |> subject("Generated password")
    |> html_body("<h1>Welcome to Chat</h1>")
    |> text_body("Welcome. This is your generated password #{password}. You can change it anytime.")
  end
end

Function create_mail/2 returns email struct which we will use for sending. Before running tests we need to add configuration in /config/test.exs, same as before, only difference is in adapter which is now, Bamboo.TestAdapter. Adding this

`use Bamboo.Test`

allows as to use function such as

`assert_delivered_email`

in our tests. Now in UserController after successfull insert add next line:

Email.create_mail(user.password, user.email)
|> CompanyApi.Mailer.deliver_later

This is going to create email struct and send it in the background. For asynchronous sending there is module. If you wish to see sent mails, in router.exs add following:

if Mix.env == :dev do
  forward "/send_mails", Bamboo.EmailPreviewPlug
end

Now we can see delivered mails at localhost:4000/sent_mails.

Authentication via Guardian

So far we've have shown how to write tests, migrations, models, controllers, views and routing. One more important thing is authenticating user. Library of choice here was . It uses JWT (Json Web Token) as a method of authentication and we can authenticate Phoenix services and also channels. Great stuff.

First add dependency

`{:guardian, "~> 1.0-beta"}`

in mix.exs file and run

mix deps.get

In Guardian docs there is detail explanation how to setup basic configuration, but we're going to go step by step here. Open /config/config.exs and add following:

config :company_api, CompanyApi.Guardian,
  issuer: "CompanyApi",
  secret_key: "QDG1lCBdCdjwF49UniOpbxgUINhdyvQDcFQUQam+65O4f9DgWRe09BYMEEDU1i9X",
  verify_issuer: true

Note that CompanyApi.Guardian is going to be module that we're going to create. You don't have to call it Guardian, maybe it's little redundant. Anyway, next thing is secret_key that has to be generated. This is example of one secret key, and it can be generated by running

mix guardian.gen.secret

Create CompanyApi.Guardian module in lib/company_api/.

defmodule CompanyApi.Guardian do
  use Guardian, otp_app: :company_api
  alias CompanyApi.Repo
  alias CompanyApiWeb.User
  def subject_for_token(user = %User{}, _claims) do
    {:ok, "User:#{user.id}"}
  end
  def subject_for_token(_) do
    {:error, "Unknown type"}
  end
  def resource_from_claims(claims) do
    id = Enum.at(String.split(claims["sub"], ":"), 1)
    case Repo.get(User, String.to_integer(id)) do
      nil  ->
        {:error, "Unknown type"}
      user ->
        {:ok, user}
    end
  end
end

This module is going to be used when token is being created. We've put user id as a subject for token, in that way we can always get user from database. This may be the most convenient way, but it's not the only way. Next thing we're going to do is to set up guardian pipeline. Using Guardian with plugs is easy. Open lib/company_api_web/router.ex and add new pipeline:

pipeline :auth do
    plug Guardian.Plug.Pipeline, module: CompanyApi.Guardian,
                                 error_handler: CompanyApi.GuardianErrorHandler
    plug Guardian.Plug.VerifyHeader, realm: "Bearer"
    plug Guardian.Plug.EnsureAuthenticated
    plug Guardian.Plug.LoadResource, ensure: true
  end

This pipeline can be defined directly in router.ex file, or can be defined in separate module, but still needs to be referenced here. When user tries to call some service his request is going to pass through pipeline. Note that this pipeline is specifically for JSON API.

Okey, first we define that we're using plug pipeline and reference implementation module and module that is going to handle auth errors (we're going to create it). Next plug verifies that token is in request header,plug EnsureAuthenticated ensures that valid JWT token was provided and last plug loads resource by calling function resource_from_claims/1 specified in CompanyApi.Guardian module.

Since we're missing auth_error handling module add it in lib/company_api/.

defmodule CompanyApi.GuardianErrorHandler do
  def auth_error(conn, {_type, reason}, _opts) do
    conn
    |> Plug.Conn.put_resp_content_type("application/json")
    |> Plug.Conn.send_resp(401, Poison.encode!(%{message: to_string(reason)}))
  end
end

is Elixir JSON library. Just add dependency

`{:poison, "~> 3.1"}`

in mix.exs.

We've set up everything for Guardian and now it's time to write SessionController and handle login and logout. First we have to write tests. Create session_controller_test.exs. We're going to test user login and make it pass. We've already wrote tests for UserController so you know how to set up this one also.

test "login as user", %{conn: conn, user: user} do
    user_credentials = %{email: user.email, password: user.password}
    response =
      post(conn, session_path(conn, :create), creds: user_credentials)
      |> json_response(200)
    expected = %{
      "id"        => user.id,
      "name"      => user.name,
      "subname"   => user.subname,
      "password"  => user.password,
      "email"     => user.email,
      "job"       => user.job
    }
    assert response["data"]["user"]   == expected
    refute response["data"]["token"]  == nil
    refute response["data"]["expire"] == nil
  end

We're going to try to login with valid credentials and we expect to get as a response user, token and expire value. If we run this test, it is going to fail. We don't have session_path route. Open router.ex file and in our "/api" scope add new route:

post "/login", SessionController, :create

We've put this route in "/api" scope because our user doesn't need to get authenticated while he's trying to login. If we run test again, this time it is going to fail because there is no create function. Let's add SessionController now and write login function.

 def create(conn, %{"creds" => params}) do
    new_params = Map.new(params, fn {k, v} -> {String.to_atom(k), v} end)
    case User.check_registration(new_params) do
      {:ok, user} ->
        new_conn = Guardian.Plug.sign_in(conn, CompanyApi.Guardian, user)
        token    = Guardian.Plug.current_token(new_conn)
        claims   = Guardian.Plug.current_claims(new_conn)
        expire   = Map.get(claims, "exp")
        new_conn
        |> put_resp_header("authorization", "Bearer #{token}")
        |> put_status(:ok)
        |> render("login.json", user: user, token: token, exp: expire)
      {:error, reason} ->
        conn
        |> put_status(401)
        |> render("error.json", message: reason)
    end
  end

First line creates new map as a result with keys as atoms. Function check_registration/1 checks if user with given credentials exist in database. If user exists we sign him in, create new token and expire date. After that we set response header, status and render user. For rendering we need to create session_view.ex in lib/company_api_web/views/.

defmodule CompanyApiWeb.SessionView do
  use CompanyApiWeb, :view
  def render("login.json", %{user: user, token: token, exp: expire})  do
    %{
      data: %{
        user:   render_one(user, CompanyApiWeb.UserView, "user.json"),
        token:  token,
        expire: expire
      }
    }
  end
  def render("error.json", %{message: reason}) do
    %{data: reason}
  end
end

Now test should pass. Of course more tests should be added, but that's up to you. Logout is fairly simple, `Guardian.revoke(CompanyApi.Guardian, token)` deletes token from header and that is all we need to do. With APIs there is no really logout, but this will work. Before adding new route for logging out, we need to define "new scope". Actually this is going to be the same "/api" scope again, but it will go through two pipelines now:

`pipe_through [:api, :auth]`

Why are we doing this? Every new route that needs to be authenticated will be places inside of this new scope. Also if we want to logout, we need to be authenticated first. With this we've covered authenticating with Guardian. Later socket authentication is going to be mentioned, and it's even easier.

Associations example

Since this is a chat app, message history has to be saved somehow. We're going to add two more entities that will represent conversation between two users and user's messages. This will be a good opportunity to show examples of associations in Ecto.First entity that we're going to add is conversation entity. Conversations will belong to both user involved in chat, and user is going to have many conversations. Also conversations will have many messages which is second entity. Messages will belong to user and certain conversation. In this case user represents a person who sends messages. Other attributes of message are date and content. In a few sentences we've described our data model. Each of these data models will have their own tests, controllers and views, but since we've explained all of these stuff already, in this part we're going to focus on associations between these entities. Note that the only thing you need to do is to write function for creation of conversation, creation of messages and getting message history.

Conversations

Firstly, lets add conversations migration. Run command

mix ecto.gen.migration create_conversations

Now we need to create table conversations with correct columns:

def change do
    create table(:conversations) do
      add :sender_id, references(:users, null: false)
      add :recipient_id, references(:users, null: false)
      timestamps()
    end
    create unique_index(:conversations, [:sender_id, :recipient_id], name: :sender)
  end

As you can see, we're adding foreign keys sender_id and recipient_id and we are referencing users table. This will represent our two users in conversation. Both keys can't be null. Last thing we want to do is to create unique_index on both columns which correspond to unique constraint. We're doing this because we don't want duplicate conversations with the same ids. Lets create model now:

defmodule CompanyApiWeb.Conversation do
  use CompanyApiWeb, :model
  alias CompanyApiWeb.{User, Message}
  schema "conversations" do
    field :status, :string
    belongs_to :sender, User, foreign_key: :sender_id
    belongs_to :recipient, User, foreign_key: :recipient_id
    has_many :messages, Message
    timestamps()
  end
  def changeset(changeset, params \\ %{}) do
    changeset
    |> cast(params, [:sender_id, :recipient_id, :status])
    |> validate_required([:sender_id, :recipient_id])
    |> unique_constraint(:sender_id, name: :sender)
    |> foreign_key_constraint(:sender_id)
    |> foreign_key_constraint(:recipient_id)
  end

Observe new functions. Functions belongs_to/3 and has_many/3 represents associations. Usually belongs_to/3 function is defined with a name and a referenced module, but this time since we're have two references to the same module we have to add a correspond foreign key column.

Same story goes for has_many/3 association, association name and module(we're going to create Message module soon). Now the change-set. We've added two foreign_key_contraint/3 functions, one for each foreign key and unique_constraint/3 function (because of composite unique columns, only one has to specified). All of these constraints are checked on database level.

Mesages

Second entity is messages. Run

mix ecto.gen.migration create_messages

Add create and table functions:

def change do
    create table(:messages) do
      add :sender_id, references(:users, null: false)
      add :conversation_id, references(:conversations, null: false)
      add :content, :varchar
      add :date, :naive_datetime
      timestamps()
    end
    create index(:messages, [:sender_id])
    create index(:messages, [:conversation_id])
  end

Same story as before. Two foreign keys, messages belong to user (sender) and conversation. This time we don't need unique contraint, so we just index mentioned fields. One look at the model:

defmodule CompanyApiWeb.Message do
  use CompanyApiWeb, :model
  alias CompanyApiWeb.{User, Conversation}
  schema "messages" do
    field :content, :string
    field :date, :naive_datetime
    belongs_to :conversation, Conversation
    belongs_to :sender, User, foreign_key: :sender_id
    timestamps()
  end
  def changeset(changeset, params \\ %{}) do
    changeset
    |> cast(params, [:sender_id, :conversation_id, :content, :date])
    |> validate_required([:sender_id, :conversation_id, :content, :date])
    |> foreign_key_constraint(:sender_id)
    |> foreign_key_constraint(:conversation_id)
  end

Last thing we need to do is to add associations in User module:

has_many :sender_conversations, Conversation, foreign_key: :sender_id
 has_many :recipient_conversations, Conversation, foreign_key: :recipient_id
 has_many :messages, Message, foreign_key: :sender_id

With this we've set up our data model and you've seen brief example of Ecto associations. For many_to_many association read .

Channels

Essentially channels are Phoenix abstraction build on top of sockets. It is possible to have multiple channels over one socket connection. For detail explanations and understanding how channels recommendation is to read .Our goal is to send message via Websocket protocol, and we're going to start with writing channel tests. on channel testing is really helpful.

Create chat_room_test.exs in /test/company_api_web/channels/ directory. In setup block insert one user into database, create connection and sign in user. We're going to test message sending.

defmodule CompanyApiWeb.ChatRoomTest do
  use CompanyApiWeb.ChannelCase
  alias CompanyApi.Guardian, as: Guard
  alias CompanyApiWeb.{ChatRoom, UserSocket, Conversation}
  @first_user_data %{ name:    "John",
                      subname: "Doe",
                      email:   "[email protected]",
                      job:     "engineer"
                    }
  @second_user_data %{ name:    "Jane",
                       subname: "Doe",
                       email:   "[email protected]",
                       job:     "architect"
                     }
  setup do
    user =
      %User{}
      |> User.reg_changeset(@first_user_data)
      |> Repo.insert!
    {:ok, token, _claims} = Guard.encode_and_sign(user)
    {:ok, soc} = connect(UserSocket, %{"token" => token})
    {:ok, _, socket} = subscribe_and_join(soc, ChatRoom, "room:chat")
    {:ok, socket: socket, user: user}
  end
  test "checks messaging", %{socket: socket, user: u} do
    user =
      %User{}
      |> User.reg_changeset(@second_user_data)
      |> Repo.insert!
    conv =
      %Conversation{}
      |> Conversation.changeset(%{sender_id: u.id, recipient_id: user.id})
      |> Repo.insert!
    {:ok, token, _claims} = Guard.encode_and_sign(user)
    {:ok, soc} = connect(UserSocket, %{"token" => token})
    {:ok, _, socketz} = subscribe_and_join(soc, ChatRoom, "room:chat")
    push socket, "send_msg", %{user: user.id, conv: conv.id, message: "Hi! This is message"}
    assert_push "receive_msg", %{message: message}
    assert message.content == "Hi! This is message"
    refute Repo.get!(CompanyApiWeb.Message, message.id) == nil
    push socketz, "send_msg", %{user: u.id, conv: conv.id, message: "This is a reply"}
    assert_push "receive_msg", %{message: reply}
    assert reply.content == "This is a reply"
    refute Repo.get!(CompanyApiWeb.Message, reply.id) == nil
  end
end

Well, this seem like a lot, but lets go step by step. In setup block we connect to socket with generated token, and then function subscribe_and_join/3 joins user to listed topic. After that in test, those steps are repeated for second user and then conversation is created. Function push/3 allows us to send messages directly through socket while assert_push or assert_broadcast asserts for pushed or broadcasted messages. Running test is going to result in errors.

Open lib/company_api_web/channels/user_socket.ex and define new channel

channel "room:*", CompanyApiWeb.ChatRoom

While here modify connect/2 and id/1 functions. We want to make that only authenticated users can connect to socket.

def connect(%{"token" => token}, socket) do
    case Guardian.Phoenix.Socket.authenticate(socket, CompanyApi.Guardian, token) do
      {:ok, socket} ->
        {:ok, socket}
      {:error, _} ->
        :error
    end
  end
  def connect(_params, _socket), do: :error
  def id(socket) do
    user = Guardian.Phoenix.Socket.current_resource(socket)
    "user_socket:#{user.id}"
  end

Line

`Guardian.Phoenix.Socket.authenticate(socket, CompanyApi.Guardian, token)`

provides authentication. Function id/1 returns socket id, and we set it as a user id.

Now lets create new channel. In the same directory create channel_room.ex file, but for now leave it be. Since we are making private chat we need to know socket we are sending messages to. There are some ways of achieving that. Decision here was to store opened socket connections in a map

`{user_id: socket}`

Elixir provides two abstractions for storing state, and . For understanding concepts of GenServer or Agent documentation has to be read.

Open lib/company_api/ and create channel_sessions.ex, this will be our GenServer for storing sockets.

defmodule CompanyApi.ChannelSessions do
  use GenServer
  #Client side
  def start_link(init_state) do
    GenServer.start_link(__MODULE__, init_state, name: __MODULE__)
  end
  def save_socket(user_id, socket) do
    GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:save_socket, user_id, socket})
  end
  def delete_socket(user_id) do
    GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:delete_socket, user_id})
  end
  def get_socket(user_id) do
    GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:get_socket, user_id})
  end
  def clear() do
    GenServer.call(__MODULE__, :clear)
  end
  #Server callbacks
  def handle_call({:save_socket, user_id, socket}, _from, socket_map) do
    case Map.has_key?(socket_map, user_id) do
      true ->
        {:reply, socket_map, socket_map}
      false ->
        new_state = Map.put(socket_map, user_id, socket)
        {:reply, new_state, new_state}
    end
  end
  def handle_call({:delete_socket, user_id}, _from, socket_map) do
    new_state = Map.delete(socket_map, user_id)
    {:reply, new_state, new_state}
  end
  def handle_call({:get_socket, user_id}, _from, socket_map) do
    socket = Map.get(socket_map, user_id)
    {:reply, socket, socket_map}
  end
  def handle_call(:clear, _from, state) do
    {:reply, %{}, %{}}
  end
end

GenServer abstracts common client-server interaction. Client side calls server-side callbacks. These callbacks conduct operations over map. This module should start when application starts, so we'll add it in S. This is one of most beautiful things in Elixir.

Open application.ex file in the same directory and add this line

`worker(CompanyApi.ChannelSessions, [%{}])`

in children list. This will start ChannelSessions at the start of the application with initial state

`%{}`

. Now we can write ChatRoom channel. Every channel has to implement two callbacks join/3 and handle_in/3.

defmodule CompanyApiWeb.ChatRoom do
  use CompanyApiWeb, :channel
  alias CompanyApi.{ChannelSessions, ChannelUsers}
  alias CompanyApiWeb.Message
  def join("room:chat", _payload, socket) do
    user = Guardian.Phoenix.Socket.current_resource(socket)
    send(self(), {:after_join, user})
    {:ok, socket}
  end
  def handle_in("send_msg", %{"user" => id, "conv" => conv_id, "message" => content}, socket) do
    case ChannelSessions.get_socket id do
      nil ->
        {:error, socket}
      socketz ->
        user = Guardian.Phoenix.Socket.current_resource(socket)
        case Message.create_message(user.id, conv_id, content) do
          nil ->
            {:noreply, socket}
          message ->
            push socketz, "receive_msg", %{message: message}
            {:noreply, socket}
        end
    end
  end
  def handle_info({:after_join, user}, socket) do
    ChannelSessions.save_socket(user.id, socket)
    {:noreply, socket}
  end
  def terminate(_msg, socket) do
    user = Guardian.Phoenix.Socket.current_resource(socket)
    ChannelSessions.delete_socket user.id
  end
end

Since we need to save socket, it can be only done after socket is created which is at the end of join/3 callback. For that reason we send message to our self which is going to call callback method handle_info/2. There we add socket into the map. Callback handle_in/3 creates a message and sends it to appropriate user. Function teminate/2 removes socket from map.

With this being set, chat app API has been finished. This tutorial covers all listed parts from earlier with some advanced stuff from like GenServer. It aims to show workflow while developing one Elixir application, and for complete understanding requires documentation reading. After all, there are all information. Recommended place for all Elixir enthusiasts, .

Previously published at //kolosek.com/elixir-basic-api-guide/

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